The “lost wax” method was still in use for fine art casting, while sand casting for utilitarian objects was becoming more widespread. Quality control (what might today be called “extra quality”) was achieved through careful monitoring of metal temperature and mold dryness—failures could destroy weeks of work.
A foundry master, often working with a team of skilled molders, would create a clay or sand model. One notable historical record mentions a foundry assistant named Eliška (a common Czech female name) who, in 1760, assisted her father—a bell caster—in Kutná Hora. Her task was to prepare the “core” of the mold, a skilled job requiring precision and knowledge of heat expansion.



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