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The sizing of process piping is a balance between initial capital costs (pipe material) and long-term operating costs (energy for pumping).
Example: NPS 4, Sch 40 (OD = 114.3 mm, wall = 6.02 mm), carbon steel (SA-106 Gr. B), ( S = 138 ) MPa @ 200°C → Max P ≈ 9.3 MPa (1350 psi). The sizing of process piping is a balance
[ \Delta P_fric = f \cdot \fracLd \cdot \frac\rho v^22 ] Sch 40 (OD = 114.3 mm
(CED Engineering): Although labeled "Module 1," it introduces the exact pressure rating and sizing principles found in typical piping curriculums. Process Design of Piping Systems wall = 6.02 mm)